在终生学习中，代理人在整个生命中都在不重复的一生中学习，就像人类一样，在不断变化的环境中。因此，终身学习带来了许多研究问题，例如连续领域的转移，这导致了非平稳的奖励和环境动态。由于其连续的性质，这些非平稳性很难检测和应对。因此，需要探索策略和学习方法，这些方法能够跟踪稳定的领域变化并适应它们。我们提出反应性探索，以跟踪和反应终生增强学习中持续的域转移，并相应地更新策略。为此，我们进行实验以研究不同的勘探策略。我们从经验上表明，政策阶级家族的代表更适合终身学习，因为它们比Q学习更快地适应了分销的变化。因此，政策梯度方法从反应性探索中获利最大，并在终身学习中显示出良好的结果，并进行了持续的领域变化。我们的代码可在以下网址提供：https：//github.com/ml-jku/reactive-ecploration。

在部分可观察到的马尔可夫决策过程（POMDP）中，代理通常使用过去的表示来近似基础MDP。我们建议利用冷冻验证的语言变压器（PLT）进行病史表示和压缩，以提高样品效率。为了避免对变压器进行训练，我们引入了Frozenhopfield，该菲尔德自动将观察结果与预处理的令牌嵌入相关联。为了形成这些关联，现代的Hopfield网络存储了这些令牌嵌入，这些嵌入是通过查询获得的查询来检索的，这些嵌入者通过随机但固定的观察结果获得。我们的新方法Helm，启用了Actor-Critic网络体系结构，该架构包含用于历史记录表示的历史模块的审计语言变压器。由于不需要学习过去的代表，因此掌舵比竞争对手要高得多。在Miligrid和Procgen环境上，Helm掌舵取得了新的最新结果。我们的代码可在https://github.com/ml-jku/helm上找到。

最近，大型预用语言模型（LMS）越来越受欢迎。培训这些模型需要更多的计算资源，并且大多数现有模型仅在英文文本上培训。以其他语言训练这些模型非常昂贵。为了缓解这个问题，我们介绍了一种叫做威施塞的方法 - 将英语模型传输到新语言。我们将英语模型的销量与目标语言中的销量交换，并初始化令牌嵌入式，以便通过利用覆盖英语和目标语言的多语言静态字嵌入来初始化令牌嵌入式。我们使用Wechsel将GPT-2和Roberta模型转移到4种其他语言（法语，德语，中文和斯瓦希里语）。 Wechsel通过以前提出的跨语言参数转移和优于比较大小的模型来改善从目标语言的划痕训练的相当大小的型号，距离培训速度较小。我们的方法使培训大型语言模型为新语言更容易访问，更少损害环境。我们宣传我们的代码和型号。

Many problems in machine learning involve bilevel optimization (BLO), including hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning, and dataset distillation. Bilevel problems consist of two nested sub-problems, called the outer and inner problems, respectively. In practice, often at least one of these sub-problems is overparameterized. In this case, there are many ways to choose among optima that achieve equivalent objective values. Inspired by recent studies of the implicit bias induced by optimization algorithms in single-level optimization, we investigate the implicit bias of gradient-based algorithms for bilevel optimization. We delineate two standard BLO methods -- cold-start and warm-start -- and show that the converged solution or long-run behavior depends to a large degree on these and other algorithmic choices, such as the hypergradient approximation. We also show that the inner solutions obtained by warm-start BLO can encode a surprising amount of information about the outer objective, even when the outer parameters are low-dimensional. We believe that implicit bias deserves as central a role in the study of bilevel optimization as it has attained in the study of single-level neural net optimization.

By optimizing the rate-distortion-realism trade-off, generative compression approaches produce detailed, realistic images, even at low bit rates, instead of the blurry reconstructions produced by rate-distortion optimized models. However, previous methods do not explicitly control how much detail is synthesized, which results in a common criticism of these methods: users might be worried that a misleading reconstruction far from the input image is generated. In this work, we alleviate these concerns by training a decoder that can bridge the two regimes and navigate the distortion-realism trade-off. From a single compressed representation, the receiver can decide to either reconstruct a low mean squared error reconstruction that is close to the input, a realistic reconstruction with high perceptual quality, or anything in between. With our method, we set a new state-of-the-art in distortion-realism, pushing the frontier of achievable distortion-realism pairs, i.e., our method achieves better distortions at high realism and better realism at low distortion than ever before.

In this paper, we introduce neural texture learning for 6D object pose estimation from synthetic data and a few unlabelled real images. Our major contribution is a novel learning scheme which removes the drawbacks of previous works, namely the strong dependency on co-modalities or additional refinement. These have been previously necessary to provide training signals for convergence. We formulate such a scheme as two sub-optimisation problems on texture learning and pose learning. We separately learn to predict realistic texture of objects from real image collections and learn pose estimation from pixel-perfect synthetic data. Combining these two capabilities allows then to synthesise photorealistic novel views to supervise the pose estimator with accurate geometry. To alleviate pose noise and segmentation imperfection present during the texture learning phase, we propose a surfel-based adversarial training loss together with texture regularisation from synthetic data. We demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the recent state-of-the-art methods without ground-truth pose annotations and demonstrates substantial generalisation improvements towards unseen scenes. Remarkably, our scheme improves the adopted pose estimators substantially even when initialised with much inferior performance.

Fine-grained semantic segmentation of a person's face and head, including facial parts and head components, has progressed a great deal in recent years. However, it remains a challenging task, whereby considering ambiguous occlusions and large pose variations are particularly difficult. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a novel framework termed Mask-FPAN. It uses a de-occlusion module that learns to parse occluded faces in a semi-supervised way. In particular, face landmark localization, face occlusionstimations, and detected head poses are taken into account. A 3D morphable face model combined with the UV GAN improves the robustness of 2D face parsing. In addition, we introduce two new datasets named FaceOccMask-HQ and CelebAMaskOcc-HQ for face paring work. The proposed Mask-FPAN framework addresses the face parsing problem in the wild and shows significant performance improvements with MIOU from 0.7353 to 0.9013 compared to the state-of-the-art on challenging face datasets.

Deep unfolding networks (DUNs) have proven to be a viable approach to compressive sensing (CS). In this work, we propose a DUN called low-rank CS network (LR-CSNet) for natural image CS. Real-world image patches are often well-represented by low-rank approximations. LR-CSNet exploits this property by adding a low-rank prior to the CS optimization task. We derive a corresponding iterative optimization procedure using variable splitting, which is then translated to a new DUN architecture. The architecture uses low-rank generation modules (LRGMs), which learn low-rank matrix factorizations, as well as gradient descent and proximal mappings (GDPMs), which are proposed to extract high-frequency features to refine image details. In addition, the deep features generated at each reconstruction stage in the DUN are transferred between stages to boost the performance. Our extensive experiments on three widely considered datasets demonstrate the promising performance of LR-CSNet compared to state-of-the-art methods in natural image CS.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Modern machine learning pipelines are limited due to data availability, storage quotas, privacy regulations, and expensive annotation processes. These constraints make it difficult or impossible to maintain a large-scale model trained on growing annotation sets. Continual learning directly approaches this problem, with the ultimate goal of devising methods where a neural network effectively learns relevant patterns for new (unseen) classes without significantly altering its performance on previously learned ones. In this paper, we address the problem of continual learning for video data. We introduce PIVOT, a novel method that leverages the extensive knowledge in pre-trained models from the image domain, thereby reducing the number of trainable parameters and the associated forgetting. Unlike previous methods, ours is the first approach that effectively uses prompting mechanisms for continual learning without any in-domain pre-training. Our experiments show that PIVOT improves state-of-the-art methods by a significant 27% on the 20-task ActivityNet setup.